• Dalton developed an empirical equation based on vapor pressure deficit and a wind function.

  Penman combined Dalton's method with an energy balance to develop a combination method for evaporation.

c. What is albedo? What is the albedo of the Amazon rainforest? What is the albedo of the Sahara desert?

• Reflectivity coefficient of a surface. Amazon, a = 0.07-0.15; Sahara: a = 0.3-0.6.

d. What is the difference between potential and actual evapotranspiration?

• Potential evapotranspiration occurs under an ample supply of moisture.

• Actual evapotranspiration occurs in a situation where moisture may be limiting.

e. What are the typical upper and lower limits for stream slopws in nature?

• Upper limit: 0.10 and more in mountain streams

• Lower limit: as low as 0.000006 in tidal streams.

f. What is a lysimeter?

• A lysimeter is an instrument or installation designed to measure actual evapotranspiration. Examples: The Coshocton, Ohio, and San Dimas, California lysimeters.

  It is difficult to biult a properly functioning lysimeter because the model's boundary conditions cannot emulate the true boundary conditions in nature, leading to lysimeter spatial gradients that do not correspond with reality.

g. What is baseflow? Where does it comes from?

• Baseflow is the dry-weather flow of rivers. It originates in groundwater exfiltration.

• It is based on a 0-9 decimal system, enabling the classification of any order catchment to any order detail.

Problem 1