Instructions: Open book, closed notes. Use engineering paper. When you are finished, staple your work in sequence, and return this sheet with your work. Answer all questions (One bonus question).

1. How are the increase in flood magnitude and the drying of springs related? Explain.

2. Why did Woolhiser and Liggett switched their research emphasis from dynamic to kinematic wave modeling in the mid 1960s?

3. What is the basis of the Clark method of unit hydrograph generation? Is the Clark method lumped or distributed? Is the modified Clark method included in HEC-HMS lumped or distributed?

4. Why is baseflow recession better than pump tests to assess regional aquifer characteristics? What aquifer characteristic, other than size, determines baseflow recession?

5. How do distributed methods (overland flow) fare in relation to lumped methods (unit hydrograph) in watershed modeling? What are their advantages and disadvantages when scale is taken into account?

6. Why is it generally better to do a watershed model for flood analysis than to use statistical analyses based on long-term records?

7. What is the apparent reason for the asymptotic behavior of the sediment rating curve, toward constant sediment concentration at high water discharges? What is the theoretical value of the sediment-transport function [g_s = f(v)] that would result in constant sediment concentration?

8. What are the advantages and disadavantages of sediment retention basins? What is Lane's relation? What is the modified Lane relation?

9. What is the apparent cause of global warming? How does it affect hydrologic practice?

10. Which solids carried by a river are good? Which one is bad? Why?

11. What is the conceptual value of anthropogenic-to-pristine runoff ratio to maintain salt balance? Which California basin is in salt balance today? Which is not?