Collected by SIDA, Sweden
| Number | Type of Latrine | Number of Vaults | Origin | Above or Below Grade | Maintenance | In-Vault Residence Time | Disposal Technique | Hygiene | Odour | Experiece |
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| 1 | double-vault dehydrating toilet in Vietnam | 2 | 1956, implemented to reduce night soil application | above | Before the vault is used, household members cover the floor with a layer of powdered earth. to absorb moisture from faeces and preven it from sticking to the floor. After each use, people sprinkle two bowls of ashes over the faeces. The ashes abslrb moisture, neurtralize bad odours and make the faeces less attractive to flies. Urine drains through a groove in the slab and collects in a jar - this jar is placed empty or with water, lime or ashes- later used as fertilizer. - After 2 monthsthe vault is sealed with lime morter or clay- after 2 more months, the old vault is re-opened - emptied and used for fertilizer and re-filled with soil again. | approx. 2 months until 30 x 30 cm vault is filled by avg. 5-10 person family waste | land applied | toilet paper (tp)is dropped in box or jar and burnt | no | Mixed outcomes - 2 month retention is abrupt and the assumption of total pathogen destruction is not valid - EDUCATION - some farmers empty processing chambers whenever they need fertilizer |
| 2 | double-vault dehydrating toilet in Central America and Mexico - "Lasf" for Latrina Abonera Seca Familiar | 2 | Lasf is slightly modified from #1, introduced by Cemat (Centrol Meso-Americano de Estudios sobre Tecnologia Apropriada in 1978 in Guatemala | above | /every week, the contents of the vault are stirred with a stick and more ashes added/when near full, it is topped off with soil and the seat closed. | residence is about a year (a 5-6 person houshold will produce about 1/2 cm3 dehydrated orourless material per year) | dry mix is used to reclaim wasteland or put in bags and sold. | It is Latin tradition to place tp in a special container next to the seatriser for burning | no | 130 households built Lasfs in 1991 in Hermos Provincia (a small low-income barrio) in central San Salvador, El Salvador. There is minimal space and the toilet is usualy attached to or placed within the house.No bad odours and no fly-breeding were found in the processing chambers after 6 years of use. This is due to the good outreach and high community participation. |
| 3 | 'WM Ekologen', type ES system | 2-4 containers | created by professor Mats Wolgast, Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, Sweden in the early 1980's | insulated vault(depends on number of building stories) | Containers fill on average every 2-3 months/ they are put aside in the vault for 6 months/ secondary treatment in a ventilated compost bin (allowing toilet paper to decompose - some also burn it and then add it) | 6 months, followed by composting | compost product is land applied | tp is composted or burnt and added to container or compost | no | well-tested, high standard sanitation system for indoor use in modern bathrooms. Used in urban and rural areas and institutions- The toilet seat-riser and urine diverter sells for $360 (US - 1998 dollars), The total on-site package including seat-riser, fan, processing vault, transport container and 1,000 L urine tank sell for $650-750 (USD-1998) |
| 4 | 'Tecpan' solar heated toilet | 2 | Same as Lasf, with a solar panal to induce faster dehydration- concept originated in Tanzania - later used in Mexico and propagated for a Sida study in Tecpan, El Salvador (1994-1997) | above ground | every 1 or 2 weeks the lid/solar heat collector is removed, the pile of faeces+ash/lime/soil accumulated below the toilet is moved to the back of the vault with a hoe or rake/ Later, every second or third month, the dry and odor free pile at the back is shovelled into a sack and stored outside until recycled in the garden[some units are built with a pusher to ease the weekly shore of moving the new pile to the rear of the vault] | dynamic - qusi 'plug flow'/ qusi 'batch flow' desicatory kinetics | land applied | tp is placed in a box or bag ergonomically next to the seat-riser and periodically burnt | no | Tecpan toilets function well when well maintained/ further tests will determine whether the solar device effects pathogen kill - it is cheaper than a double-vault latrine (approx. 164 USD (1998))- The Juarez study seemed to determine that the kill was not as effective in these toilets.- The prior theory still remains that the shifting each week would enduce better dehydration. |
| 5 | double-vault solar heated toilet in Ecuador | 2 | see above | above ground | see above, switch vaults every 6 months | >=6 months | land applied - no urine diversion because the region of Cotopaxi in the high Andes is extremely dry | see above | no | Ecuador is extremely dry eliminating the need for urine diversion and solar heat collectors, which were developed in humid climates |
| 6 | indoor, long-drop dehydrating toilet in Yemen | 1 large vault/room | very old middle-eastern customs | above ground | Dried faeces are periodically collected by special staff and further dried on the roof of the neighborhood public bath | ? | after fully dried, the dry product is used as fuel for heating water | per regional custom, anal cleaning is via washing - this wash water flows with the urine and is evaporated on its way down the urin-duct alongside the building or at street-level in a soakpit- after washing, there is a bucket with hot coals in the corner in the mornings, used for drying | no | The climate in Yemen is dry, in cities like Sana'a, flats rise several stories tall, and on the top two or so stories are the facilities. These consist of a squatting-hole that leads down a shaft to the vault where faeces is initially dried. Urine drains down a groove in the surface through a hole in the wall to a vertical drainage surface on the outer face of the building (These surfaces are often elegantly shaped and decorated.) Most urine evaporates on its way down, however that which remains in the bottom goes into a soakpit. |
| 7 | indoor, dehydrating toilet in Ladakh, India | 1 room | hundreds of years old | above ground | household members bring loads of soil into the excretion room. In winter a big pile of soil is kept in one corner of the room and a spade or shovel spreads this over the floor - In spring and end of summer the decomposed excreta are removed to be taken to fields, ashes from the kitchen are added every so often.Urine and faeces are excreted on the layer of soil in the room and pushed down a hole to the vault/room below - No separation is necessary since this portion of the Himalayas is very arid | seasonally (3-6 months) | spread on fields | usually no anal cleaning | usually not, sometimes ammonia emenates from urine splashed on the soil-covered floor in the toilet room | works well in the rural areas, however in the central part of towns, access to soil makes this process more difficult to maintain |